【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforUsingBrineShrimpNaupliiasFoodforTestAnimalsinAquaticToxicology
【原文标准名称】:含水毒理学中动物试验用作为受试食品的海水小虾类的标准规程
【标准号】:ASTME1203-1998(2004)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:1998
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E47.01
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:工艺;危险物质;农药;动物;夹盘;毒性;试验;污染控制
【英文主题词】:aquatictoxicology;Artemia;brineshrimp;feeding;nutrition
【摘要】:Incertaintoxicitytestsduringwhichsmallaquaticanimalsmustbefed,thefoodofchoiceisoftenlivebrineshrimpnaupliibecauseoftheiravailability,easeofuse,andpresumedgoodnutritionalquality.Inaddition,manytestspeciesthatareculturedorheldinthelaboratorymustbefedpriortotoxicitytesting,eveniftheyarenotfedduringthetest.Brineshrimpnaupliicanbereadilyhatchedinthelaboratoryfromcyststhatareobtainednaturallyfrommanygeographicalareasaroundtheworld.Cystsfromafewofthoseareasareavailablecommercially,butmightrepresenttwoormorespeciesofbrineshrimp(1).Naupliiofdifferentstrainsofthesamebrineshrimpspeciesfromdifferentgeographicalareascandiffersubstantiallyintheirnutritionalvalue,contaminants,andacceptabilityasacompletefoodforthelifestageofthespeciestowhichtheyarefed(3-8).Theresultsofatoxicitytestcandependonthebrineshrimpnaupliiusedasfood(9).Itisdesirabletodeterminepriortousewhetheraparticularbatchofbrineshrimpisofadequatequalityforthetestorganisms.Theprimaryrequirementsofacceptablebrineshrimparethattheyareanappropriatesizeforthetestorganisms,haveadequatenutritionalvalue,anddonotcontainexcessiveconcentrationsofcontaminants.Whetheragivenlotofbrineshrimpmeetstheserequirementsforagivenspeciescanonlybedeterminedbyafeedingassay.Standardizationofthehatching,harvesting,testing,andusingofbrineshrimpwillprobablyincreasethereproducibilityofresultsoftoxicitytestswithsometestspeciesbydecreasingtheuseofunhealthyorganismscausedbyfeedingthempoorqualitybrineshrimp.1.1Thispracticedescribesproceduresforhatching,harvesting,andtestingtheacceptabilityofbrineshrimpnaupliiforuseasafoodforcertainfishandinvertebratespeciesthatareusedinaquatictoxicitytests.Theterm"brineshrimp"referstoallspeciesinthegenusArtemia()althoughthispracticespecificallydealsonlywiththosespeciesforwhichcysts(encystedembryos)arecommerciallyavailable.1.2Theseproceduresareapplicabletoallbrineshrimpnaupliithatareobtainedbyincubatingcommerciallyavailablecysts.Withappropriateprocessing,cystscollectedbynoncommercialharvesterscanbesubjectedtothesesameprocedures.1.3Modificationoftheseproceduresmightbejustifiedbyspecialneedsorcircumstances.1.4Thispracticeisorganizedasfollows:1.5Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.SpecifichazardstatementsaregiveninSection6.
【中国标准分类号】:Z16
【国际标准分类号】:
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】:


【英文标准名称】:Medicalelectricalequipment-Part1:Generalrequirementsforbasicsafetyandessentialperformance
【原文标准名称】:医用电气设备.第1部分:基本安全和基本性能的一般要求
【标准号】:IEC60601-1-2005
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2005-12
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际电工委员会(IX-IEC)
【起草单位】:IEC/SC62A
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:事故预防;麻醉学;球压试验;防护等级;分类;分类系统;间隙;色码;定义;设计;测定;词典;尺寸;文献工作;接地导线;接地;电气器具;电接触保护;电气外壳;(电网)电源;电力系统;电击;电气事故;电气设施;电气工程;电气设备;医用电气设备;电气保护设备;电气安全;电驱动装置;电磁兼容性;电医学;静电学;EMC;外壳;环境条件;设备;设备安全;防爆;防火安全;一般条件;图形符号;热卷筒;冲击试验器;检验;使用说明;绝缘外壳;绝缘;漏电路径;文字书写;表;作标记;测量;机械安全;医疗设备;医学放射学;医学科学;医疗技术学;职业安全;保护覆盖层;合格试验;辐射防护;安全;安全装置;安全工程;安全规则;安全要求;规范(验收);材料强度;调查;符号;温度;试验大气环境;试验设备;试验;试验条件;试验电压;变压器
【英文主题词】:Accidentprevention;Adjustingequipment;Alpharadiation;Anaesthesiology;Annunciators;Applications;Assembling;Ballcompressiontest;Batteries;Bending;Betaradiation;Biocompatibility;Bodies;Chargings;Circuits;Clamps;Classes;Classesofprotection;Classification;Classificationsystems;Cleaning;Clearances;Colour;Colourcodes;Combustible;Compatibility;Components;Condensates;Conglomerates;Connections;Continuouscurrent;Corners;Corona;Covers;Defects;Definitions;Design;Determinations;Dictionaries;Dielectricstrength;Dimensions;Disinfections;Earthconductors;Earthing;Earthingconductorterminations;Edge;Electricappliances;Electriccontactprotection;Electricenclosures;Electricmains;Electricpowersystems;Electricshock;Electricshocks;Electricalaccidents;Electricalappliances;Electricalengineering;Electricalequipment;Electricalmedicalequipment;Electricalprotectionequipment;Electricalsafety;Electrically-operateddevices;Electromagneticcompatibility;Electromedicine;Electrostatics;EMC;Enclosure;Enclosures;Energy;Environmentalconditions;Environmentaltesting;Equipment;Equipmentsafety;Explosionprotection;Fireprevention;Firesafety;Forcedventilation;Frequencies;Gamma-radiation;Generalconditions;Graphicsymbols;Heightoffall;Hot-mandrel;Humidity;Hydraulics;Ignition;Impacttesters;Indications;Infraredradiation;Inputcurrent;Inspection;Instructionsforuse;Insulatingenclosures;Insulations;Interruptions;Laserbeams;Layout;Leakagepaths;Letterings;Limits(mathematics);Liquids;Lists;Luminousradiation;Marking;Mass;Measurement;Measurementcircuits;Measuringcircuit;Measuringinstruments;Mechanicalsafety;Medicalequipment;Medicalradiology;Medicalsciences;Medicaltechnology;Metalcasings;Microwaveradiation;Moistureresistance;Motors;Neutronradiation;Noise;Occupationalsafety;Oilcontainers;Operation;Operationalinstructions;Outlets;Overflows;Overheating;Overload;Overloadrelays;Overvoltage;Paper;Patientauxiliarycurrent;Pneumatics;Potentialequalization;Powerconsumption;Precision;Pressure;Pressureoverload;Pressurevessels;Programmable;Protection;Protectionagainstelectricshocks;Protectioncoverings;Protectiondevices;Protectivedevices;Qualificationtests;Radiation;Radiationprotection;Safety;Safetydevices;Safetyengineering;Safetyregulations;Safetyrequirements;Separation;Setvalue;Shortcircuits;Soundenergy;Specification(approval);Stability;Sterilization(hygiene);Strainrelief;Strengthofmaterials;Stress;Surfaces;Surveys;Symbols;Systemearthing;Temperature;Tensileforce;Terms;Testatmospheres;Testequipment;Testsequence;Testing;Testingconditions;Testingvoltages;Torque;Transformers;Ultrasonics;Ultravioletradiation;Use;Values;Vibrations;Windings;Workingdata;X-rays
【摘要】:ThisInternationalStandardappliestotheBASICSAFETYandESSENTIALPERFORMANCEofMEDICALELETRICALEQUIPMENTandMEDICALELECTRICALSYSTEMS,hereafterreferredtoasMEEQUIPMENTandMESYSTEMS.IfaclauseorsubclauseisspecificallyintendedtobeapplicabletoMEEQUIPMENTonly,ortoMESYSTEMSonly,thetitleandcontentofthatclauseorsubclausewillsayso.Ifthatisnotthecase,theclauseorsubclauseappliesbothtoMEEQUIPMENTandtoMESYSTEMS,asrelevant.HAZARDSinherentintehintendedphysiologicalfunctionofMEEQUIPMENTorMESYSTEMSwithinthescopeofthisstandardarenotcoveredbyspecificrequirementinthisstandardexceptin7.2.13and8.4.1.Thisstandardcanalsobeappliedtoequipmentusedforcompensationoralleviationofdesease,injuryordisabiliby.InvitrodiagnosticequipmentthatdoesnotfallwithinthedefintionfoMEEQUIPMENTiscoveredbytheIEC61010series2).ThisstandarddoesnotapplytotheimplantablepartsofactiveimplantablemedicaldivicescoveredbyISO14708-13).
【中国标准分类号】:C39
【国际标准分类号】:11_040_01
【页数】:786P;A4
【正文语种】:英语